How to include a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) in a citation?

A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a unique alphanumeric string providing a permanent link to digital content, such as scholarly articles. Citations in academic writing generally should include the DOI for online resources when one is available, replacing the need for a URL. DOIs are typically placed at the end of the citation, following the latest citation style guide (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago). They should be presented as a hyperlink beginning with "https://doi.org/". Always verify the DOI's accuracy using the Crossref database or the publisher's site. Note that some older publications may not have an assigned DOI, requiring traditional URL citation instead. Avoid including "Accessed on" dates when using DOIs, as the identifier provides persistent access. Including DOIs enhances citation reliability by directly linking to the authentic, version-of-record publication. This supports persistent access for readers and enables accurate article retrieval, regardless of publisher URL changes. DOIs also facilitate citation tracking and impact measurement, demonstrating research credibility and fulfilling journal submission requirements or institutional repository guidelines effectively.