When referencing a database without an exact release date, how should it be noted?

When citing database entries lacking specific release dates, utilize the abbreviation "n.d." (meaning "no date") in place of the year within the reference. This conforms to common academic styles like APA and MLA. Place "(n.d.)" immediately after the author name or corporate author name in the reference list entry. Ensure the citation style's standard punctuation follows it correctly. For online databases, include a retrieval date before the URL or DOI as content may update; use the format "Retrieved Month Date, Year, from". Maintain consistency in abbreviating "n.d." and applying all other standard formatting rules for database sources. For in-text citations, pair the author name with "n.d." (e.g., Smith, n.d.). Cite the most specific, stable landing page or resource locator available within the database infrastructure, such as a thematic directory or a dedicated archive section, listing it as the source title. Include the persistent URL or DOI whenever possible. This transparent approach allows readers to locate the referenced material and preserves scholarly integrity despite the absence of a precise publication date.